I let the local garage track down the problem, so they took the valve covers off. I don't know how easy or difficult that is. This is where the broken head bolt was:
The bolt broke off right above the thread, so the valve cover and gravity was the only thing keeping the top of the bolt in there. If you have the same problem, you won't be able to fix it yourself. There aren't any bolt extractors that can reach it from the top side of the engine.
And yes, you could have had this problem all winter. I had the problem for several years before I finally figured out what it was and fixed it. I had to be very careful driving on warm days and it was never a problem on cold days unless I was towing a heavily loaded trailer.